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1 Lovelock, James Ephraim
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors, Electricity, Electronics and information technology[br]b. 26 July 1919 Brixton, London, England[br]English biologist and philosopher, inventor of the microwave oven and electron capture detector.[br]Lovelock was brought up in Brixton in modest circumstances. At the age of 4 he was given a toy electrical set, which first turned his attention towards the study of science. From the Strand School, Brixton, he went on to the universities of Manchester and London, and after graduating in science, in 1941 he joined the National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, as a staff scientist, remaining there for twenty years. During the early 1950s, he and his colleagues were engaged in research into freezing live animals and bringing them back to life by heating: Lovelock was struck by the intense pain this process caused the animals, and he sought a more humane method. He tried diathermy or internal heating through the effect of a continuous wave magnetron borrowed from the Navy. He found that the animals were brought back to life painlessly, and impressed with his success he tried baking a potato for his lunch in the apparatus and found that it cooked amazingly quickly compared with the one hour normally needed in an ordinary oven. Lovelock had invented the microwave oven, but its commercial possibilities were not at first realized.In the late 1950s he invented the electron capture detector, which proved to be more sensitive than any other analytical equipment in detecting and measuring toxic substances. The apparatus therefore had obvious uses in testing the quality of the environment and so offered a tremendous boost to the "green" movement. In 1961 he was invited to joint the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to employ the apparatus in an attempt to detect life in space.In the early 1970s Lovelock relinquished his biological work in order to devote his attention to philosophical matters, specifically to develop his theory of the Universe, now widely celebrated as the "Gaia theory". In this controversial theory, Lovelock regards our planet and all its living beings, including humans, as a single living organism.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCBE 1990. FRS 1974. Many academic awards and honorary degrees. Visiting Professor, University of Reading 1967–90.Bibliography1979, Gaia.1983, The Great Extinction.1988, The Ages of Gaia.1991, Gaia: The Practical Science of Planetary Medicine.LRDBiographical history of technology > Lovelock, James Ephraim
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2 находиться
•The camera can be contained in an artificial satellite or positioned on the moon or a planet.
•Such a fan is to be found in each room at the point where...
•The screw is situated (or located) at the rear of the clamp.
•The lactose carrier resides in the membrane.
•The transform fault occurs between the ends of the boundary.
•This point lies in a two-phase region of the phase diagram.
•This electron pair is localized within the central internuclear region.
•These points occur in the cubic element.
•The amount of water present as vapour in the atmosphere is...
•The negative electrons should spend more time between the nuclei than in other regions.
•If the observer is stationed above the equator,...
•The space in which the electron finds itself at the moment...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > находиться
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3 находиться
•The camera can be contained in an artificial satellite or positioned on the moon or a planet.
•Such a fan is to be found in each room at the point where...
•The screw is situated (or located) at the rear of the clamp.
•The lactose carrier resides in the membrane.
•The transform fault occurs between the ends of the boundary.
•This point lies in a two-phase region of the phase diagram.
•This electron pair is localized within the central internuclear region.
•These points occur in the cubic element.
•The amount of water present as vapour in the atmosphere is...
•The negative electrons should spend more time between the nuclei than in other regions.
•If the observer is stationed above the equator,...
•The space in which the electron finds itself at the moment...
* * *Находиться - to be, to be found; to be located, to be situated (размещаться)Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > находиться
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4 Pierce, John Robinson
[br]b. 27 March 1910 Des Moines, Iowa, USA[br]American scientist and communications engineer said to be the "father" of communication satellites.[br]From his high-school days, Pierce showed an interest in science and in science fiction, writing under the pseudonym of J.J.Coupling. After gaining Bachelor's, Master's and PhD degrees at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) in Pasadena in 1933, 1934 and 1936, respectively, Pierce joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York City in 1936. There he worked on improvements to the travelling-wave tube, in which the passage of a beam of electrons through a helical transmission line at around 7 per cent of the speed of light was made to provide amplification at 860 MHz. He also devised a new form of electrostatically focused electron-multiplier which formed the basis of a sensitive detector of radiation. However, his main contribution to electronics at this time was the invention of the Pierce electron gun—a method of producing a high-density electron beam. In the Second World War he worked with McNally and Shepherd on the development of a low-voltage reflex klystron oscillator that was applied to military radar equipment.In 1952 he became Director of Electronic Research at the Bell Laboratories' establishment, Murray Hill, New Jersey. Within two years he had begun work on the possibility of round-the-world relay of signals by means of communication satellites, an idea anticipated in his early science-fiction writings (and by Arthur C. Clarke in 1945), and in 1955 he published a paper in which he examined various possibilities for communications satellites, including passive and active satellites in synchronous and non-synchronous orbits. In 1960 he used the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 30 m (98 1/2 ft) diameter, aluminium-coated Echo 1 balloon satellite to reflect telephone signals back to earth. The success of this led to the launching in 1962 of the first active relay satellite (Telstar), which weighed 170 lb (77 kg) and contained solar-powered rechargeable batteries, 1,000 transistors and a travelling-wave tube capable of amplifying the signal 10,000 times. With a maximum orbital height of 3,500 miles (5,600 km), this enabled a variety of signals, including full bandwidth television, to be relayed from the USA to large receiving dishes in Europe.From 1971 until his "retirement" in 1979, Pierce was Professor of Electrical Engineering at CalTech, after which he became Chief Technologist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratories, also in Pasadena, and Emeritus Professor of Engineering at Stanford University.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Award 1947; Edison Medal 1963; Medal of Honour 1975. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Award 1960. National Medal of Science 1963. Danish Academy of Science Valdemar Poulsen Medal 1963. Marconi Award 1974. National Academy of Engineering Founders Award 1977. Japan Prize 1985. Arthur C.Clarke Award 1987. Honorary DEng Newark College of Engineering 1961. Honorary DSc Northwest University 1961, Yale 1963, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute 1963. Editor, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 1954–5.Bibliography23 October 1956, US patent no. 2,768,328 (his development of the travelling-wave tube, filed on 5 November 1946).1947, with L.M.Field, "Travelling wave tubes", Proceedings of the Institute of RadioEngineers 35:108 (describes the pioneering improvements to the travelling-wave tube). 1947, "Theory of the beam-type travelling wave tube", Proceedings of the Institution ofRadio Engineers 35:111. 1950, Travelling Wave Tubes.1956, Electronic Waves and Messages. 1962, Symbols, Signals and Noise.1981, An Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols, Signals and Noise: Dover Publications.1990, with M.A.Knoll, Signals: Revolution in Electronic Communication: W.H.Freeman.KF -
5 orbit
1. noun1) (Astron.) [Umlauf]bahn, die2) (Astronaut.) Umlaufbahn, die; Orbit, der3) (fig.) Sphäre, die2. intransitive verb 3. transitive verb* * *['o:bit] 1. noun(the path in which something moves around a planet, star etc, eg the path of the Earth round the Sun or of a spacecraft round the Earth: The spaceship is in orbit round the moon.) die Orbit, die Umlaufbahn2. verb(to go round in space: The spacecraft orbits the Earth every 24 hours.) umkreisen* * *or·bit[ˈɔ:bɪt, AM ˈɔ:r-]I. nthe spacecraft went into \orbit around the Earth das Raumfahrzeug trat in die Erdumlaufbahn einelectron \orbit Elektronen[kreis]bahn fplanetary \orbit Planetenbahn ftaxation falls within the \orbit of a different department Besteuerung fällt in den Zuständigkeitsbereich einer anderen Abteilung5.▶ to go into \orbit (increase) in den Himmel schießen fam; (become angry) [vor Wut] an die Decke gehen famII. vi kreisenIII. vt1. (circle around)to \orbit the Earth/Mars/the Sun die Erde/den Mars/die Sonne umkreisen2. (put into orbit)to \orbit a rocket/satellite eine Rakete/einen Satelliten in die Umlaufbahn bringen* * *['ɔːbɪt]1. n1) (ASTRON, SPACE) (= path) Umlaufbahn f, Kreisbahn f, Orbit m; (= single circuit) Umkreisung f, Umlauf mto be in orbit ((a)round the earth) — in der (Erd)umlaufbahn sein
to go into orbit ((a)round the sun) — in die (Sonnen)umlaufbahn eintreten
2. vtumkreisen3. vikreisen* * *orbit [ˈɔː(r)bıt]A s1. (ASTRON Kreis-, Umlauf-, PHYS Elektronen)Bahn f:get (put) into orbit in eine Umlaufbahn gelangen (bringen)2. figa) Bereich m, Wirkungskreis mb) POL (Macht)Bereich m, Einflusssphäre f3. ANAT, ZOOLa) Augenhöhle fb) Auge n4. ORN Augen(lider)haut fB v/t1. die Erde etc umkreisen2. einen Satelliten etc auf eine Umlaufbahn bringenC v/i die Erde etc umkreisen, sich auf einer Umlaufbahn bewegen* * *1. noun1) (Astron.) [Umlauf]bahn, die2) (Astronaut.) Umlaufbahn, die; Orbit, derput/send into orbit — in die Umlaufbahn bringen/schießen
3) (fig.) Sphäre, die2. intransitive verb 3. transitive verb* * *(anatomy) n.Augenhöhle f. n.Kreisbahn f.Umlaufbahn f. -
6 SET
1) Общая лексика: Secure Electronic Transfer. с (A safe and confidential way of paying for goods which have been purchased over the Internet. Безопасный и конфиденциальный способ оплаты за товары, которые были приобретены через Интернет.)2) Компьютерная техника: Software Engineering Technology, Software English Typing3) Военный термин: Sensor Employment Teams, System Engineering Testbed, satellite experimental terminal, security escort team, sensor employment team, sensory evaluation test, simulated emergency test, small earth terminal, special engineering tests, split engine transportation, systems engineering tests4) Техника: selective electronics training, selective employment tax, space electronics and telemetry, special evaluation team, stepped electrode transistor, systems effects test5) Шутливое выражение: Set Evaluates Things6) Религия: Support Empathy Truth7) Финансы: протокол безопасности электронных платежей8) Биржевой термин: Secure Electronic Trading, Securities Exchange of Thailand, Significant Enough Transaction, Stock Exchange of Thailand9) Сокращение: setting, Single Electron Tunnelling10) Университет: Science Engineering And Technology, Simulation Engineering Technology11) Физика: Sound Emission Transmission12) Электроника: Single Electron Tunneling, Solid Electric Through13) Вычислительная техника: Secure Electronic Transaction, Single Electronic Transistor, Secure Electronic Transactions (IBM, Visa, MS, IBM, Mastercard, Netscape, Banking)14) Транспорт: Safe Effective Transport15) Фирменный знак: Sony Entertainment Television16) Деловая лексика: Service Empowerment And Transformation17) Сетевые технологии: secure electronic transactions, безопасные электронные сделки, защищённые электронные транзакции18) Программирование: Set Byte On Condition19) Полупроводники: single-electron transistor20) Безопасность: Secure Encryption Technology, Softcopy Exploitation Tools21) Расширение файла: Configuration Settings, Driver SETs created by Install, Setup data or information settings22) Нефть и газ: setpoint value input terminal, setpoint/setting input23) Должность: Safety Environment And Technology -
7 set
1) Общая лексика: Secure Electronic Transfer. с (A safe and confidential way of paying for goods which have been purchased over the Internet. Безопасный и конфиденциальный способ оплаты за товары, которые были приобретены через Интернет.)2) Компьютерная техника: Software Engineering Technology, Software English Typing3) Военный термин: Sensor Employment Teams, System Engineering Testbed, satellite experimental terminal, security escort team, sensor employment team, sensory evaluation test, simulated emergency test, small earth terminal, special engineering tests, split engine transportation, systems engineering tests4) Техника: selective electronics training, selective employment tax, space electronics and telemetry, special evaluation team, stepped electrode transistor, systems effects test5) Шутливое выражение: Set Evaluates Things6) Религия: Support Empathy Truth7) Финансы: протокол безопасности электронных платежей8) Биржевой термин: Secure Electronic Trading, Securities Exchange of Thailand, Significant Enough Transaction, Stock Exchange of Thailand9) Сокращение: setting, Single Electron Tunnelling10) Университет: Science Engineering And Technology, Simulation Engineering Technology11) Физика: Sound Emission Transmission12) Электроника: Single Electron Tunneling, Solid Electric Through13) Вычислительная техника: Secure Electronic Transaction, Single Electronic Transistor, Secure Electronic Transactions (IBM, Visa, MS, IBM, Mastercard, Netscape, Banking)14) Транспорт: Safe Effective Transport15) Фирменный знак: Sony Entertainment Television16) Деловая лексика: Service Empowerment And Transformation17) Сетевые технологии: secure electronic transactions, безопасные электронные сделки, защищённые электронные транзакции18) Программирование: Set Byte On Condition19) Полупроводники: single-electron transistor20) Безопасность: Secure Encryption Technology, Softcopy Exploitation Tools21) Расширение файла: Configuration Settings, Driver SETs created by Install, Setup data or information settings22) Нефть и газ: setpoint value input terminal, setpoint/setting input23) Должность: Safety Environment And Technology
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